Coca-Cola environmentall business sustainability Essay

Coca-Cola environmentall business manageability - Essay Example The examination additionally gets the chance to discover what coca cola engineers use, why and the methods of improving it considering the way that since 2004, new gear and even development materials have been imagined thus the evaluations set by these maintainability records may be wrong for the present age (Adams G. H., 2005). The paper’s intrigue is advancement and from the historical backdrop of the supportability records in Coca Cola Countries and as much as we consider BASIX as the best continuous manageability list in Coca Cola Countries, we ought to target improving it to the degree that it is at standard with the issues emerging or, structure a superior improved appraisal device. This can possibly happen when science erudite people get further into the working frameworks of BASIX and adjust them or even concoct new gadgets which are in an ideal situation. For it to occur, a careful and basic research must be directed on that field to distinguish the issue, which thus requires communication with the specialists of the various fields worried for quite a while and concoct an accommodating discovering (Devitt, 2010). BASIX may have great goals yet the inquiries we should pose to ourselves is, are those the main ecological issues confronting the residents of Coca Cola Countries undoubtedly?, is it just natural issues that influence occupants in Coca Cola Countries? These are the pending inquiries that this exploration depends on. We as the clients of BASIX need to help alter it for better outcomes, and perhaps we can keep on bragging about the quality our structures once more. Each activity in this world is constantly never really advantage of the government assistance of the human life, we generally need to make our lives agreeable in any capacity, and that is the reason even the apparatuses developed in the early hundreds of years by any semblance of Aristotle have been improving

Adventure Tourism Consumer Motivation

Experience Tourism Consumer Motivation In this second section of the writing survey, the hypothetical foundation of inspiration is clarified. This part will adjust main considerations like the significance of inspiration, what propel individual to take part in experience the travel industry, uncommonly the children of post war America, and how inspiration could help in the dynamic procedure. 3.1. Inspiration The hypothesis of inspiration was first evolved during the Post-World War II, all the more accurately during the 50s and 60s (Zehrer and Siller, 2007). The term Motivation is started from the Latin word Movere, and this way to move (Wing, 2011). Inspiration can be characterized as the procedure by which an individual will be resolved to make a move or act in a specific way (Decrop, 2006). Inspiration is known to be one of the central motivations to comprehend and clarify for what reason does conduct occurred. (Snepenger, King, Marshall, and Uysal, 2006) in (Phan, 2010). Additionally, Solomon (2004) depicted inspiration as a main impetus that pushes people to activity. Inspiration is about a condition of need and want to do and accomplish something (Moutinho, 2000) in (Esichaikul, 2012). 3.2. Inspiration in the travel industry setting Understanding the idea of inspiration in the travel industry is to comprehend the essential thought processes and purposes behind voyagers to travel (Trang, 2011). A few investigations have been embraced on the travel industry inspirations, it incorporates Plog (1974), Crompton (1979), Hudman (1980); Dann (1981); IsoAhola (1982); Beard and Ragheb (1983); Pearce and Caltabiano (1983); Mansfeld (1992); Uysal and Hagan (1993); Fodness (1994); Gibson and Yiannakis (2002); Kozak (2002); Horner andSwarbrooke (2004); Kurzman and Zauhar(2005); Decrop (2006); Zehrer and Siller (2007); Devonish and Jonsoon (2008); Romando (2008); Esichaikul (2012). Loads of research has been embraced on visitor inspiration to head out to a specific goal yet little has been done on inspiration of vacationers to take an interest in relaxation or experience exercises. Few have been examined as a major aspect of research and most normally and ongoing ones notable are from Hudson (2003); Pomfret (2004); Phan (2010); Smerek (2010); Reynolds and Hritz (2012). Alluding to Leipers theory, understanding voyagers customer conduct is a basic apparatus for effective the travel industry arranging and showcasing movement (Choibamrong, 2005). Clearly buyers conduct is in no way, shape or form simple and is affected by such a large number of components basically in globalization period 3.3. Experience, people born after WW2 and Motivation Sung et al (1997) in Sung et al (2004) expressed thatin experience venture out it is critical to comprehend the primary thought processes of individuals to take part in explicit exercises, investigating the voyagers attributes, for example, segment data, psychographics like fundamental needs and needs and their guideline desire (Weber, 2001). Studies have exhibited that more seasoned travelers saw experience the travel industry all the more enticing and need to experience themselves to increase an individual fulfillment (Gibson and Singleton, 2011). Some more seasoned individuals want to escape from pressure and weariness of day by day schedule. They need to make the most of their days off with a scope of energizing and new truly moving exercises and meet new individuals to develop connections (Camden and Mccoll-Kennedy, 1990; Kludge, 2005).To comprehend inspiration in recreation exercises is to comprehend what urged voyagers to pick a specific movement (PhanThi Kim Lien, 2010). Experimental investigations have demonstrated that the Travel Career Ladder (TCL) model was a sufficient instrument in understanding travel inspiration (Kim, 1997; Lee, 1998; Loker-Murphy, 1995; Mills, 1985; Pearce, 1988, 2005; Teichmann and Zins, 2009). The TCL model is the most probableapplication for the plan of inspirational research for uncommon markets, for example, eco sightseers for example (Pearce, 2005). From this announcement, we deduct that the model is along these lines seen to be a reasonable instrument for experience the travel industry. The idea of the TCL model was started by Pearce (1988)and refreshed in his distribution in 2005, The Tourist Behavior: Themes and Conceptual Schemes (McNeil and Williams, 2011). Adjusted from Maslows (1970), Pearce receive the five progressive classes of impacting the vacationer inspiration (Teichmann and Zins, 2009). This incorporates Biological necessities (Relaxation needs), wellbeing and security needs (or level of incitement), Relationship advancement and expansion needs, confidence and improvement needs and Self-completion and satisfaction needs. The TCL assumed that voyagers while increasing more travel experience will go up the stepping stool towards elevated level needs. Figure 2 exhibit the progression of Pearce Travel profession ladder:This incorporates Fulfillment level, Self-regard and advancement, relationship, incitement and unwinding. http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/picture/1-s2.0-S0160738398000449-gr1.gif Figure 2: Hierarchy of Pearce Travel Career stepping stool Source: Ryan (1998) As indicated by the TCL model and various visitor inspiration and experience, individuals may begin at various degree of the stepping stool; this may shifts with some up warding the stepping stool and some others down warding it (McNeil and Williams, 2011). For example, another vacationer in experience may wish to begin with a delicate movement like winged animal watching or pony riding, an action that request less physical endeavors, low in hazard and experience harmony and concordance. Additionally considering the security and wellbeing needs, one must wish a movement low from hazard while the other one looking for adrenaline may need an action high in chance. According to Phan (2010), somebody may have a more noteworthy requirement for accomplishment as opposed to a need foraffiliation, force, or uniqueness. This can include taking an interest in a movement or accomplishing something in solitude detaching themselves from others in order to fulfill principle needs and wants. Also, such people like to set individual objectives that are neither excessively low in a manner for it to be feasible nor too high that would be unthinkable. It is noteworthy to call attention to that like Maslows order of requirements, the TCL correspond with the hypothetical structure, since it unmistakably shows that as individuals get more encounters, their inspiration will in general change (Ryan, 1998). Besides, Ryan (1998) takes note of that those going just because may like to book a bundle visit for greater security butin time and with more experience will decide on a progressively self-masterminded travel agenda (McNeil and Williams, 2011). So also, Crompton (1979) came out with seven components of inspiration as an impact to recreation this incorporate idealism; unwinding; esteem; investigation and self-assessment; relapse; family relationship connections improvement and assistance of social collaboration. It is additionally seen that thought processes in social collaboration, upgrade of human relations and delight looking for has monotonously been watched and investigated as significant spurring factor in various examinations (Beard and Ragheb, 1983; Kim and Chalip, 2004; Kozak, 2002; Wann, Ensor and Bilyeu 2001; Zhang and Lam, 1999), refered to in (Regan and Carlson, 2009). Another apparatus, notable in assessing vacationer inspiration is the relaxation inspiration size of Beard and Ragheb (1980; 1983). This is seen as an appropriate apparatus in estimating recreation inspiration factor since it encompassesintellectual, social, dominance/ability, and upgrade shirking thought processes. The scholarly components imply that individuals partaking in relaxation exercises are in journey of revelation, increment their insight. The subsequent factor is the social thought process; this suggests an individual intention that will fulfill human relationship with others, a feeling of having a place, and regard from others (Maslows chain of command, 1943). The third inspirational factor is skill/authority thought process. This animates people taking part in recreation physical exercises to accomplish, ace, challenge and contend. The last rationale is the improvement shirking intention, which is about idealism from the dreary daily schedule, stress and strain, or to r evive and have rest in another condition (Phan, 2010; Niemela, 2010). 3.4. Division dependent on inspiration As indicated by Schiffman and Kanuk (2004: 158), Market Segmentation can be characterized as the way toward separating a market into unmistakable subsets of shoppers with basic needs or qualities and choosing at least one sections to focus with a particular market mix.When discussing inspiration, it is imperative to think about the part of division. The people born after WW2 could be considered as one section of new or future retirees yet their thought processes are differing (Phan, 2010). Arranging the thought processes into various attributes will support analysts and advertisers to profit by significant and valuable data. It has been seen that the extension of experience the travel industry is chiefly because of a segment, individual, financial, political and innovative change (Swarbrookeet al. 2003). The facts demonstrate that changes are not steady and continue refreshing, however such patterns are known to be premise of gauges for a few specialists. One of the most significant impacts of visitor inspiration is the segment qualities (Rose and Kahle, 1998; Muso, Hall and Higham, 2004; Bonera, 2008). Socioeconomics component comprises of sexual orientation, age class, family designs, nationality (Swarbrookeet al. 2003; Bonera, 2008; Devonish and Jonsson, 2008). Numerous ladies have barely any youngsters or have effectively grown-up kids living all alone and as a component of family and family unit structure; there are progressively single-parent families and childless couples (Swarbrooke et al. 2003). Another angle which is increasing more influence on the visitor inspiration is age (Bonera, 2008). Gibson and Yiannakis (2002) have examined this hypothesis, basic the travel industry reason through a real existence cycle. This clarifies those children of post war America matured from 47 to 50 are progressively roused to travel and participate in exercises because of prevalent financial advantage. This moreover prompted a longing to flaunt their status came to, in journey of

The Do-It-Yourself Lit Degree

The Do-It-Yourself Lit Degree On more than one occasion, I have witnessed, or even been a part of, a book-related conversation that included at least one person saying, But Im not a lit major. Sometimes, this is a way of deferring to the professed Lit Major, acknowledging that their education may have better prepared them to analyze and evaluate  a written work. Other times, it is said with the intent of knocking the professed lit major down a peg because of his or her perceived superiority in those exact areas. Regardless of why the comment is made, the idea that a lit major is better qualified to issue judgment on a book is off-base. I was a lit major, and I know this to be a fact. I value the skills I learned, and I definitely have opinions, but my opinions are no more valid than those of the average person who just really likes to read. Extensive practice counts for a lot. Sitting through classes in literary theory or 18th Century French Literature does not make one a serious reader. Still, some readers feel as like they have missed something by not taking those classes. Maybe they think they havent read the right kind of book or that some books are beyond their understanding. This is just not true. If you arent convinced or if just have the urge to peek in on such a class and see what the fuss is all about, then take a look at these completely free and online options. You wont earn course credit, but you might learn something. Open Yale Courses You cant actually claim to have studied at Yale after reviewing the lectures and handouts that they have posted for public use, but you can get an idea what it might have been like. If youre into that kind of thing. Over the years, theyve recorded the lectures from select courses and made them available via both their own Open Yale Courses site and iTunes (both audio and video). You can watch them in sequence and read along  at your own pace. Current English offerings include:  Introduction to the Theory of Literature, Milton, Modern Poetry, and The American Novel Since 1945. MIT Open Courseware   MIT was one of the first schools to create a public online archive of its courses. Theyve slowed on adding to their offerings in the last year as theyve entered into partnerships with other universities, like edX, but  those new partnerships are more math and science oriented.  On the original Open Courseware site, they have an extensive literature course listing, including foundation courses like Writing about Literature and a graduate course in Popular Culture and Narrative: Literature, Comics and Culture. Coursera Coursera is a purveyor of the MOOCs that all the kids are talking about these days.  MOOC stands for Massive Open Online Course, and these offerings come from 16 different universities from around the country (though Stanford is the driving force behind the partnership). Coursera differs from  the open course format offered by Yale and MIT in that these classes are offered live (so to speak). Students can audit if they choose, but they can also participate in a class discussions, interact with the instructor, and even write essays and get feedback. They are not credit courses, but at least some of them offer a certificate of completion if you manage a minimum level of participation in the course. The lit offerings are light so far, but it looks very impressive.  The first course, Fantasy and Science Fiction: The Human Mind, Our Modern World, is just wrapping up, while a second, Modern and Contemporary American Poetry, is set to start on September 10. Open Culture has a list of other free courses/lecture series, available in a variety of formats, if these courses dont strike your fancy.

The Beatles The Best Band Of All Time - 1387 Words

The 60’s was a time of great music and even greater musicians. From Elvis Presley to the band The Beach Boys, the music was at the highest is could be. Every week there would be a new album that came out from the many talented musicians. The music was truly superb during the 60’s, but there is one band that truly owned the music of the sixties and that is The Beatles. The Beatles were arguably the best band of all time. With their new style of music combining several genres, they absolutely dominated the music world. But few people actually know how they were formed and how they came to be The Beatles. Before they were Beatles: John Lennon was only 17 when he formed his first band, The Black Jets. the band was entirely made up of his classmates from his school in Liverpool. John Lennon and Paul McCartney met each other early on because they both performed in skiffle groups. A skiffle is a type of music genre that encompasses jazz, blues and folk music. McCartney taught himself to play the guitar and auditioned for a spot on Lennon’s band. Lennon at the time was in a group called the Quarrymen. McCartney immediately was accepted into the band and he joined in October, 1957. The band started to slowly move away from skiffle and started playing more rock n’ roll. The banjo playing left because of this and it gave McCartney the opportunity to introduce George Harrison to Lennon. The band now consisted of Harrison, Lennon, McCartney, Duff Lowe and Colin Hanton. The band broke upShow MoreRelatedBeatlemania: The Rise to International Fame1457 Words   |  6 Pages1962, the group known as The Beatles flunked their audition at Decca Records in London, England. The label’s executive, Dick Rowe, brushed them off like they were nothing. He simply stated that â€Å"guitar groups are on the way out.† Little did Rowe know, The Beatles would soon conquer modern society and alter the course of pop and rock music. There have been no other entertainers in the history of music that has been so popular, influential, or as groundbreaking as The Beatles. In the early 1960’s, theirRead MoreThe Beatles Band Music1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe Beatles Perhaps the most celebrated and most known musical group ever known The Beatles changed the way the world viewed rock music for generations to come. Comprised of four members; John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, The Beatles rose to stardom in England. With hits such as Love me do The Beatles quickly grew a fan base in the United Kingdom. By the mid-1960s the Beatles were taking the world by storm and leading the British invasion of the United States Read MoreThe First American Invasion: The Beatles Takeover Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pageswith loud screams and insane fanaticism. The invaders were The Beatles and the members were Paul McCartney, John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. One of the biggest and influential bands to change the face of music as we know it took the world by storm by introducing new sound, new fashion, and a new way of approaching music. The Beatles have etched a name for themselves and stand in history as one of the greatest bands of all time. However there is a reason why they are regarded so highly andRead More The Beatles Essay examples850 Words   |  4 Pages The Beatles There have been more books published about one 20th century icon than any other, this band that is said to have broken down barriers in all ways, is the Beatles. Their music was said to have driven that younger generation mad. Perhaps it was because they were one of the first bands ever play real rock and roll music; or maybe it was those cute little peacoats they wore. Or maybe it was just because they were foreigners in the world of music, yet seemed to fit right in with the youngRead MoreEssay on Rock Bands1708 Words   |  7 PagesThere have been all kinds of different types of rock bands throughout the years. Most of the bands have had a different type of style. All of these different types of style are what has shaped today’s music. Some of the bands from the earlier times were: The Beatles, AC/DC, Guns and Roses and the Bee Gees. The Beatles were the greatest and most powerful act of the rock era. They introduced more innovations into popular music than any other rock band of the 20th century. The Beatles grabbed a holdRead MoreThe Beatles were an English rock band that formed in Liverpool, in 1960. With John Lennon, Paul1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe Beatles  were an English rock  band that formed in  Liverpool, in 1960. With  John Lennon,  Paul McCartney,  George Harrison  and Ringo Starr, they became widely regarded as the greatest and most influential act of the rock era. (Unterberger) They are most well known for their albums:   Rubber Soul  (1965),  Revolver  (1966),  Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band  (1967),   The Beatles(White Album) (1968) and  Abbey Road  (1969). They are the best selling band in the United States with over one hundred andRead MoreThe Beatles : My Personal Music Inspiration1597 Words   |  7 Pagesgroup that impresses me the most. I find The Bea tles to be most the influential to not only myself as a musician, but also, to many contemporary artists, as well as people not in the music business. Historical Outlook The Beatles emerged in the early 1960s. They were founded by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. The original line up featured Stuart Sutcliffe on guitar and Pete Best on drums. Sutcliffe died at age twenty two due to health problems. Pete Best was fired by the producer George Martin, whichRead MoreThe Beatles Were An English Rock Band Formed Essay1746 Words   |  7 PagesThe Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCarthey, George Harrison and Ring Starr, they became widely regarded as the formost and most influential act of the rock era. Rooted in skiffle, beat, and 1950s rock and roll, the Beatles later experimented with several musical styles, ranging from pop ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock, often incorporating classical elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovativeRead MoreThe Beatles : The Best Rock Band Of The Rock Era1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe Beatles are arguably the best rock b and of the rock era. They formed in Liverpool in 1960 and consisted of 4 members John Lennon, George Harrison, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr. The boys played clubs over a 3 year period to build their reputation. Their first hit â€Å"Love me do† expanded their popularity in the United Kingdom and over the next year Beatlemania grew and by 1964 they had gone international and had invaded the United States pop market. They continued to rock the world with incredibleRead MoreSimilarities Between The Beatles and Pink Floyd775 Words   |  4 PagesPink Floyd and the Beatles had more in common then they’re often credited. Both bands members were raised in the United Kingdom. The original framework for â€Å"The Beatles† was conspired by the best friends, John Lennon and Paul McCartney. Likewise, â€Å"Pink Floyd† was created by best friends Nick Mason and Roger Waters. By the same token, both bands were founded while the members received their education. Wor ld War II was a pin point in each of the band members lives, if not directly affecting them, then

Public School Choice Essay - 1864 Words

Public School Choice Public School Choice is an easy program to understand and it contains many advantages but also many disadvantages. Public School Choice is when parents can elect to send their children out of a school that has not made adequate yearly progress for two consecutive years into a school that has made progress. (McClure, 2002) If there are no available schools within the original school district, then a family can choose to send their children to another district. This only happens when the other schools in the original district are all labeled as ‘underachieving schools’ and have not made the adequate yearly progress. (McClure, 2002) Some of the advantages to this new public school choice option include: offers†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Official from Milwaukee school and local policy groups, where public school choice has been an option, confirmed what most observers have assumed: that having options with in the public school system is intensely popular with parents† (Van Dunk, 2003) Some people do not believe there can be such a thing as public school choice. For it to be actual ‘school choice’ and in order for it to succeed it has to include private schools. (Jeynes, 2000) These are just a few facts and some issues that are controversial around the Public School Choice option. School Vouchers School Vouchers are another popular form of school choice. Vouchers are scholarships that let students attend a school of their parent’s choice. The vouchers are given out to low-income parents who are below the 175% poverty line. A voucher can be used a private school. Schools redeem the vouchers given to them by students, and in return receive government funding. Publicly funded vouchers have been used for decades in New Hampshire, and Maine, also in the two cities: Cleveland, Ohio and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. (Ellig, 1999) Harvard economist Caroline M. Hoxby investigated the impact of vouchers on public schools in Milwaukee. Her peer-reviewed conclusion: â€Å"Overall, an evaluation of Milwaukee suggests that public schools have a strong, positive response to competitionShow MoreRelatedSchool Choice In Public Schools1339 Words   |  6 Pages BACKGROUND In schools the state rates as Underperforming or Lowest Five Percent, more than 60 percent of students were reported as falling below minimum learning standards in reading, math, science, and writing. Some of these schools showed extraordinary levels of failure in educating students. In 2010, the state found the number of â€Å"F† schools, ranked Struggling to be 168 schools. In 2016, the state Index found the number of â€Å"F† schools, ranked Underperforming or Lowest Five Percent increased byRead MoreEssay on Public School Choice Improves Student Achievement815 Words   |  4 PagesSchool Choice Improves Student Achievement In his new budget, President Obama proposed to substantially increase federal spending to improve public schools. Yet steady spending increases of the last three decades resulted in little change in the poor achievement of students that worries many citizens. Much research, however, shows that what works well is parental choice among schools fairly competing for students as in the case of traditional, tuition-based private schools. Rigorous studies comparingRead MorePurpose Of ESSA1402 Words   |  6 Pagesstated that introducing ESSA, â€Å"will reduce the federal footprint, restore local control, and empower parents and education leaders to hold schools accountable for effectively teaching students.† The purpose of the ESSA to replace NCLB strict and unattainable regulations. For example, the accountability for the access of the students will depend on the state and school districts. Additionally, parents, particularly of those students who require special education, will h ave greater input in the educationRead MoreBus 102 : Ethics And Law2002 Words   |  9 Pages BUS 102 – Ethics and Law in Business and Society EXAM 2 1. On Market Failure – We said that the rationale for public policy is either market failure and/or government failure. Address the following with this rationale in mind: a. Define market failure from the perspective of the economist and government failure from the perspective of the political scientist (recall public choice theory). Market failure is a failure when markets yield an inefficient output of resources leading to negative impactsRead MoreLegislative History Of Parental Right911 Words   |  4 Pages First, the liberty of parents to direct the upbringing, education, and care of their children is a fundamental right. Second, the parental right to direct education includes the right to choose public, private, religious, or home schools, and the right to make reasonable choices within public schools for one’s child. Third, neither the United States nor any state government shall infringe these rights without demonstrating that its governmental interest, as applied to the person, is of the highestRead MoreCommon Core Not for the Common Good1065 Words   |  5 PagesCore is not the answer. We as citizens, whether we have children in the school system or not should not allow for implementation of this curriculum in our states and in our schools. Common Core infringes on the US Constitution, it has serious growing opposition from many educators and parents that it is worse than the current curriculums that many states already have in place, it hinders states and hinders parents right of choice of education for their children and will be very costly to implementRead MorePrivate vs Public Education for Your Child1701 Words   |  7 PagesPrivate vs. Public School Education for your Child The issue of whether private education is better than public has been debated for many years. Strong advocates of public education feel that children grow and progress better in a mixed environment. Although most private educational institutions do not harbor racial discrimination or discrimination against sexes, they do not have certain classifications that may not suit the masses. For example, a large number of private schools are religiousRead More Private Schools vs. Public Schools Essay927 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the public school systems to the private schools. This happens for several reasons. First, students that graduate from private schools tend to be better prepared for college. Second, private schools open up many opportunities to succeed in the business world. Last, the private schools allow the parents and the student to decide which school they feel will give the student the best education possible. Overall, private schools offer a better education for high schoo l students than do public schoolsRead MoreEssay A Case for Vouchers and School Choice1047 Words   |  5 PagesCase for School Choice nbsp; There is growing conflict over the nations education policy. Indeed, this conflict remains one of the few areas of divergence between our converging two-party structure. Yet, as is so often the case with pressing concerns in American politics, any real proposals have been drowned under the Washington bureaucracy. Unfortunately, the nation can no longer ignore the ever-expanding education crisis plaguing the country, and Washington must consider school choice as a remedyRead MorePrivate Education in Comparison to Public Education Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pagesa private high school or some form of private schooling, what if I were to tell you that the number of private schools in America are decreasing as well as their enrollment? B. Thesis: Environment plays a role in our learning, and the environment found in private schools are much better when compared with public schools. C. Reason to listen: We are all students. And education past, present, and future has an impact on us all. In our future when it comes time to choosing schools for our kids we’ll

Essay Courage Free Essays

Courage is a highly acclaimed trait in a person. It is raised up in war and times of struggle, but sometimes the intentions behind these courageous actions are overlooked. The value of courage lies not in the act itself, but in the motivations and values behind it. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Courage or any similar topic only for you Order Now Simple being brave does not constitute courage. If an act is performed that has no thought behind, it loses its value. In the words of orator and lawyer Robert Green Ingersoll, â€Å"Courage without conscience is a wild beast. One should give some thought to an action before acting upon it. Without thought, or â€Å"conscience†, the action can be untimely and uncontrolled as would a â€Å"wild beast. † In 1999, two young men went on a shooting rampage at Columbine High School. This rash action, lacking conscience or concept of right and wrong, did not exhibit courage. Rather, good intentions and motivations should fuel courageous actions. As British author Samuel Johnson states, â€Å"Bravery has no place where it can avail nothing. In other words, courage or bravery is worthless and unnecessary if the final outcome cannot be beneficial. For example, the terrorists involved with the September 11th tragedy were not considered to be courageous here in the United States . Their actions caused grief and sorrow. Nothing positive resulted from their actions, so the United States and her allies looked upon this as a cowardly action. Courage is defined by the motivations and thoughts that exist within the action. If these do not exist, the value of courage is lost. As with the terrorists and the two young men at Columbine, their actions did indeed require nerve. However, they cannot be seen as courageous because of the lack of good motivation and value behind them. Even if one’s courageous action does not turn out to be effective, others will know that the right intentions existed. For that, they will recognize true courage. How to cite Essay Courage, Essay examples

Orphan Drugs Essays - Pharmaceuticals Policy,

Orphan Drugs The term orphan drug refers to a product that treats a rare disease affecting fewer than 200,000 Americans. Orphan drugs help the companies that manufacture them, under the Orphan drug act. Under the act a small company can pick up a product that would be worth anywhere from $5 million to $20 million a year. The orphan drug act has helped in the development of products to treat drug addiction, leprosy, hemophilia, and rare cancers, as well as diseases most people have never heard of, such as cryptosporidiosis (an infection caused by a protozoan parasite found in animals intestines that causes diarrhea, fever, weight loss, and lymph node enlargement) and neurocysticerosis. In the past the FDA under the drug act has approved few years 41 orphan drugs. One of the premier examples of how well the Orphan Drug Act can work came with the approval of the drug PEG-ADA (adenosine deaminase and enzyme the body usually produces on its own). This was a breakthrough FDAs Haffner said of PEGnology , the enzyme replacement process developed by Enzon. If it works the way its thought it will, this technology will change the way we can provide drugs to the patients. The history of the Orphan Drug Act FDA set up the offices of Orphan Product Development in 1982 to focus on drugs, medical devices, foods for medical purposes, and biologics such as immune globulin for rare disorders. President Reagan signed the Orphan Drug Act into law on JAN. 3 1983. It guarantees the developer of an orphan drug seven years of market exclusivity and 50 percent tax credit for certain clinical research expenses. Imagine Pepsi or Coke having a monopoly on each others soft drink, that would be the equivalent on that. Initially, the act applied to only patient populations when it could be shown there was little or no hope of recovering development cost from sales in the United States. A later amendment to the act defined an orphan product as one with a potential patient population of fewer than 200,000 people. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA makes grants for drug development, assists the drug developer in the designing the clinical studies required for marketing and can speed up the drug approval process. A lot of these drugs are for very serious and life threatening disorders, in some cases affecting only a few hundred people. You have the smaller NDA (new drug application) and a group of very needy people, and thats what expedites it. But the safety and the efficacy requirements are the same Marlene Haffner FDAs director of orphan product development. Since the enactment of the Orphan Drug Act, 41 drugs for rare diseases have been developed and brought onto the market. Activity in orphan products, which, in addition to drugs, can include biologics, medical devices, and foods marketed for medical purposes, is researching an all time high. According to Haffner, FDA has designated as orphans 375 drugs and at least 150 are being actively developed or are going through the approval process. The federal award grant available to fund orphan drug development have increased steadily from $500,000 in 1983 to $7.5 million in 1990. However hardly any of the federal grants go to private organizations such as NORD. Todays more common definition of Orphan Drug. Another definition of Orphan Drug refers to a drug that will serve so few patients that it will be commercially impractical for a manufacturer to sponsor it. Orphan drug also refers to compounds in the public domain for which there can be no patent protection once a company goes through expensive efficacy test and gets FDA approval, so that a competitor could immediately begin producing a generic copy at a fraction of the cost. The phrase was coined in a 1968 editorial in American Journal of Pharmacy, Homeless or Orphan Drugs. Accomplishments: The Orphan Drug Act has been a major success and a model federal program. The FDA has designated Fifteen years ago after its passage, more than 150 orphan drugs have been approved for marketing in the United States, and 800. Additionally, Japan, Singapore, and Australia have enacted orphan drug legislation, and the European Union is expected to enact a similar law in 1999.